Which factor is linked to negative outcomes for students who are retained in grade?

The factor linked to negative outcomes for students who are retained in grade is higher dropout rates. Research has shown that students who experience retention may feel stigmatized or discouraged, leading to a decreased likelihood of completing their education. Retained students often face emotional and social challenges, which can make them more vulnerable to disengagement from school.

Retention can be particularly harmful because it may reinforce feelings of failure and low self-efficacy, causing students to perceive themselves as less capable than their peers. This negative self-perception can contribute to a lack of motivation and lower levels of engagement in school, ultimately increasing the likelihood of dropping out. In contrast, the other factors like improved self-esteem, increased academic achievement, and better peer relationships are not typically associated with grade retention and can often be adversely affected by the experience.